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Chemistry important notes class 9

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Css 2018 rules

CSS Exam 2018: Rules, Eligibility Criteria & Requirements:

#Question: When will the Applications for the Next CSS Exams be announced?
#Answer: Tentative Schedule of CSS-2018 is as under:
Application Submission: 1st of October , 2017.
Closing date : 31.10.2017
Written Exam: February, 2018.
*A candidate has to submit the Online Application Form during the month of October.

#Question: What is the required qualification for CSS Exam?
#Answer:
(A) 14 years of Formal education recognized by the HEC is required. There is much confusion that 16 years Formal education is necessary, but it is not True. You must possess at least 14 years education to be eligible.

(B) A candidate can possess any Bachelors Degree (B.A, B.Com, BBA, B.Sc, LLB, MBBS etc.) from one of the Pakistani Universities or an equivalent degree or comparable educational qualifications of a foreign University recognized by Higher Education Commission, Islamabad.

#Essential_Requirement: The Bachelors degree must be passed with a minimum of 2nd Division i.e. C-Grade. Previous academic records(Matric/F.Sc etc.) do not matter in eligibility for CSS exams.

#Note:
(i) A candidate who has obtained a Third Division (or `D’ grade) in his/her Bachelor’s Degree will be eligible for the Examination in cases where he/she has obtained a higher Division in Master’s Degree.
(ii) The decision as to which foreign degrees or comparable educational qualifications are equivalent to corresponding Pakistani degree rests solely with the Commission.

#Question: What is the age limit for CSS Exam?

#Answer: As per the latest rules of CE-2017 age limit for CSS Examination is 21 to 30 years. Upper age limit for CE-2018 shall be the same as 30 years and cut off date for age calculation will be 31.12.2017. This means that an applicant shall be considered ineligible if his/her age is 30 years on/or before 31.12.2017.

#Question: What is the cut off date to determine eligibility of candidates for CSS Exam?

#Answer:
It will be 31.12.2017 for CE-2017.

#Question: What is fee for CSS Exam?

#Answer: Fee of written examination : Approx. Rs.2200/- to be deposited in the form of Bank Challan at the time of Registration (October 2017).

#Question: Usual time taken for declaration of results of CSS written exam?
#Answer:6-7 months after the Written Exam.

#Question: How many Occupational Groups are included in CSS Exam?

#Answer: Following occupational groups are included in CSS Examination.
1.Commerce and Trade Group
2.Former Name: District Management Group(DMG) / Now: Pakistan Administrative Services (PAS)
3.Foreign Service of Pakistan (FSP)
4.Information Group (IG)
5.Inland Revenue Service (IRS)
6.Military Land & Cantonments Group (MLCG)
7.Office Management Group (OMG)
8.Pakistan Audit and Accounts Service
9.Pakistan Customs Service (PCS)
10.Police Service of Pakistan (PSP)
11.Postal Group
12.Railways (Commercial & Transportation) Group.

#Question: What is percentage of Regional/Provincial quota for seats/posts filled up by CSS Exam?
#Answer: Detail of regional quota is as under:

Merit=7.5%, Punjab=50%, Sindh=19% (Sindh(U)-7.6%, Sindh(R)-11.4%), Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa=11.5%, Balochistan=6%, GB/FATA=4%, AJK=2%.
Note:

10% quota is reserved for women from the share of Provinces/Regions except Merit quota . Un-filled vacancies will be carried forward.
5% quota is reserved for Minorities (Non-Muslims) from the share of Provinces/Regions except Merit Quota. Unfilled vacancies will be carried forward.
No separate quota fixed for disabled candidates. Disabled candidates will compete in accordance with the Government recruitment policy.

#Question: How much time is required for final allocation of CSS qualified candidates?
#Answer: After announcement of final result of CSS and receipt of quota wise seats from Establishment Division FPSC issue a Public Notice on website and leading news papers and made allocations in due course of time.

#Question: What are the rules/criteria for age relaxation in CSS Exam?
#Answer: The upper age limit will be relaxed by two years up to the age of 32 years in respect of :
(a) the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Caste and Buddhist Community subject to production of a certificate (Annex-A of Application Form) to be issued by Political Agent/DCO/ District Magistrate in support of their claim.
(b) The candidates belonging to the recognized Tribes who are permanent residents of the areas mentioned-below and whose families have been living in these areas. Such candidates must attach a certificate (Annex-B of Application Form) to be issued by Political Agent/ DCO/District Magistrate in support of their claim :

1. Balochistan.
2. Tribal Areas of D.I.Khan and Peshawar Divisions (including former Frontier States of Dir, Swat, Chitral and Amb).
3. Former excluded (Baluch) area forming part of the Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajanpur Districts.
4. Former Tribal Areas of Mardan and Hazara Divisions.
5. Upper Tanawal Area of Hazara Division.
(c) The candidates who are permanent residents of Azad Kashmir Territory, subject to submission of a certificate (Annex-C of Application Form) to be issued by Kashmir Affairs Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad..
(d) The candidates who are permanent residents of Gilgit – Baltistan including Gilgit, Diamir, Baltistan, Ghizar and Ghanche, subject to submission of a certificate (Annex-B of Application Form) to be issued by the Political Agent/DCO/ District Magistrate.
(e) The candidates who are disabled namely, physically impaired, hearing/speech impaired (deaf & dumb) and visually impaired (blind), subject to submission of certificate of disability issued by the competent authority designated for the purpose by the Federal/Provincial Government.
(f) In Service Government Servants, Armed Forces Personnel, Contract employees, including the Government servants of AJ&K, who possess a minimum of two years continuous Government service as on 31st December, 2013, subject to submission of Departmental Permission Certificate (Annex-E) from the competent authority. Employees of Nationalised Banks, State Bank of Pakistan, WAPDA, Regulatory Authorities, Autonomous bodies and other semi auton
omous bodies are not entitled to age relaxation.

#Question: What are the grounds of rejection of applications of CSS candidates?
#Answer:
Following are some basic reasons of rejections

Underage/Overage.
TR not paid.
Application received late after closing date.
Applied on wrong application form.
Educationally unqualified.
Application unsigned.
Already availed 3 attempts.

#Question: What are the standard / qualifying marks fixed for CSS Exam?
#Answer:
600 marks out of 1200 marks in the written examination and 101 marks in viva voce out of 300 marks.

Lecturer Economics MCQs Past Papers

Lecturer Economics MCQs Past Papers

1. Income elasticity of demand for an inferior good is:
(a)Positive (b)Zero (c)Both (a) & (b) (d)None of these

2. Convexity means averages are ________________ than extremes:
(a) Worse (b) Positive (c) Better (d)None of these

3. Sum of MPC and MPS equals:
(a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)None of these

4. During the Liquidity Trap, LM curve is:
(a)Less elastic (b)Positive (c)Perfectly elastic (d)None of these

5. The dominant factor of production is:
(a)Energy (b)Labour (c)Technology (d)None of these

6. GDP deflator is a ratio between:
(a)Input prices (b)Output prices (c)Both (a) & (b) (d)None of these

7. During monopoly, the equilibrium condition is:
(a)MC=P (b)MC>MR (c)MC=MR (d)None of these

8. During perfect competition, the firm would earn a normal profit when:
(a)AC>AR (b)AR

9. Roy’s identity is applied on:
(a)Food (b)Bread (c)Utility (d)None of these

10. The following is the narrowest measure of supply of money:
(a)M2 (b)M3 (c)M1 (d)None of these

11. A positive externality in which a consumer wishesto possess a good in part because others do:
(a)Supply (b)Concavity (c)Money demand (d)None of these

12. The profit function is of:
(a)Homogeneous of degree = 1 (b)Homogeneous of degree = 2 (c)Homogeneous of degree = 0 (d)None of these

13. The derivative of cost function withrespect to output price provides:
(a) Input supply function (b)Output supply function (c)Both (a) & (b) (d)None of these

14. A strategy that is optimal, no matter what an opponent does:
(a)Dominant firm (b)Duopoly (c)Dominant strategy (d)None of these

15. A devaluation of a currency takes place under
(a)Flexible exchange rate (b)Fixed exchange rate
(c)Clean floating system (d)None of these

16. Nominal interest rate is:
(a)Inflation minus Tax (b)Tax plus Indirect Tax
(c)Real interest rate minus Inflation (d)None of these

17. An un-anticipated increase in money supply is neutral during:
(a)Short run period (b)Medium run period
(c)Both (a) & (b) (d)None of these

18. A rise in general price level shifts the LM curve:
(a)Down and to the right (b)Up and to the left
(c)Positively sloped (d)None of these

19. Decrease in tax shiftsthe IS curve:
(a)Down and to the left (b)Negatively sloped
(c)Up and to the right (d)None of these

20. Gross National Product is:
(a)GDP – NNP (b)NFA – GNI (c)GDP – NX (d)None of these

21. Foreign aid comprises of:
(a)Grants (b)Loans (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these

22. Per capita income of Pakistan during the fiscal year 2011-12 was:
(a)$ 1258 (b)$1372 (c)$1025 (d)$ 1050 (e)None of these

23. The GINI coefficient is measure of:
(a)Inequality (b)Poverty (c)Growth (d)Development (e)None of these

24. During the last decade income inequality in rural areas of Pakistan has:
(a)Increased (b)Decreased (c)Remained unchanged (d)None of these

25. The share of agriculture in GDP is:
(a)21% (b)10% (c)12% (d)17% (e)None of these

26. During 1970’s the planning was concerned to:
(a)Industrial planning (b)Export promotion (c)Import substitution
(d)Structural planning (e)None of these

27. National Savings as a percent of GDP during 2011-2013 was:
(a)10.7 (b)13.1 (c)9.5 (d)8.8 (e)None of these

28. The growth rate of manufacture sector during 2011-12 was:
(a)1.7% (b)4.1% (c)5.2% (d)3.6% (e)None of these

29. The best measure of economic development among following is:
(a)NNP (b)HDI (c)GDP (d)All of these (e)None of these

30. The main objective of Monetary or fiscal policy is:
(a)Economic stablization (b)Efficiency (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these

31. Direct taxes during 2011-12 were around of total tax revenue.
(a)37% (b)63% (c)15% (d)None of these

32. Public debt as a percent of GDP for 2011-12 was:
(a)58% (b)65% (c)50% (d)45% (e)None of these

33. Govt. of Pakistan borrows from:
(a)Internal sources (b)External sources (c)Pakistani banks
(d)All of these (e)None of these

34. Growth rate of agriculture sector during 2011-12 was:
(a)3.1% (b)5.4% (c)2.9% (d)2.1% (e)None of these

35. Nationalization of industries took place during the regime of:
(a)ZA Bhutto (b)Zia ul Haq (c)Ayub Khan (d)None of these

36. Development economics is concerned with:
(a)Efficient allocation of scarce resources (b)Economic, social and political institutions. (c)Imperfect resource and commodity markets. (d)(a) and (b) only (e)None of these

37. The last land reforms in Pakistan were introduced in:
(a)1972 (b)1977 (c)1981 (d)1958 (e)None of these

38. IMF advances loan for:
(a)Construction (b)Balance of payment (c)Travelling (d)None of these

39. Sixth five year plancovers the period:
(a)1965-70 (b)1960-65 (c)1988-93 (d)1983-88 (e)None of these

40. The unemployment rate in Pakistan during 2010-11 was:
(a)7% (b)5% (c)3% (d)6% (e)None of these

41) Demand curve in case of Giffen good is:
(a) Negatively sloped (b) Vertical
(c) Positively sloped (d) None of these

42) Price consumption curve in case of complementary goods is:
(a) Downward sloping (b) Vertical
(c) Upward sloping (d) None of these

43) In case of two goods, following utility approach, a consumer is in equilibrium when:
(a) MUx/Px = MUy/Py (b) MUx/Px < MUy/Py
(c) MUx/Mx > MUy/Py (d) Both (b) and (c)

44) In short run:
(a) Labour is variable (b) Both labour and capital are variable
(c) Both labour and capital fixed (d) None of these

45) When MC is equal to AC, the AC:
(a) Increases (b) Decreases
(c) Remains constant (d) None of these

46) Normal profit, excess profit and loss of the firm depends on level of:
(a) Average costs in short run (b) Total costs in short run
(c) Marginal costs in short run (d) All of these

47) In case of perfect competition, the sellers are:
(a) Two (b) A few
(c) Very large (d) None of these

48) The firm is in equilibrium when:
(a) Slope of TC = Slope of TR (b) Slope of TC is less than slope of TR
(c) Slope of TC is more than slope of TR (d) None of these

49) The Marginal Revenue Product of labour MRPLis:
(a) MR x MP (b) MR / MP
(c) MR – MP (d) Both (b) and (c)

50. In case of imperfect competition the MRPLis the:
(a) Supply of labour curve (b) Demand for labour curve
(c) Both of these (d) None of these

Prime Minister Youth Internship Program 2017 Phase 2

Latest Advertisement Published in Daily Express, Jang & The News Newspapers on Sunday 26th of March 2017.
PM Youth Internship Program 2017 Phase -2
Eligibility Criteria/ Who can Apply?
1.Those candidates which satisfy below-mentioned conditions for PM Youth Internship Program 2017 (National Internship Program 2017):
2.16 years HEC educational qualification (BA, BBA, BS, MBA, M.COM, MA, M.SC, MCS and another equivalent degree).
3.50% of marks or 2.5 CGPA in final degree/diploma is the minimum criteria for National Internship Program.
4.03 years diploma holder (DAE) after Matric/ (FA FSC).
5.Age Limit is up to 25 Years as on 28-2-2017 and 28 years for Baluchistan.
6.Pakistani Nationality and must not be below 18 years.
Madrassa Graduates.
Ineligibility Conditions:
1.Those individuals who have already availed any Government Youth Training Program /Scheme.
2.Government or semi-Government Servants are also not eligible.
3.Full-time students in any Public / Private educational institution.
4.Monthly Stipend & Number of Internees:
5.12,000 PKR per month will be given to Internees during 6.Internship Period (One Year Duration).Total Number of Internees will be 50000.

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Job announcement

Jobs Announced In Punjab Safe City Authority #Multan.Last Date To Apply 13 April.Age 21-55 Years.4Detail Visit Nwqt
https://t.co/GlxjFg3jMo

Current affair 24.3.2017

1. Punjab University bans curricular, extracurricular activities of student organisations.
2. Khalid Masood, the 52-year-old Briton behind this week terror attack on parliament of UK
3. UN to send rights probe to Myanmar.
4. Egyptian ex president Hosni Mubarak freed from detention
5. Pakistani officials have hosted seven Taliban leaders in Islamabad to try and press them into peace talks.

GENERAL SCIENCE guess paper Class 9th

Important termz in Islamic studies

➣ Istalam is kissing of Hajr Aswad.
➣ Islam has 2 major sects.
➣ There are 5 fundaments of Islam.
➣ 2 Types of Faith.
➣ 5 Articles of Faith.
➣ Tehlil means the recitation of First Kalima.
➣ Deen-e-Hanif is an old name of ISLAM.
➣ First institution of Islam is SUFFAH.
➣ Haq Mahar in Islam is fixed only 400 misqal.
➣ Ijma means ageing upon any subject.
➣ Qayas means reasoning by analogy.
➣ There are four schools of thought of Islamic law.
➣ Janatul Baki is situated in Madina.
➣ Masjid-e-Hanif is located in Mina.
➣ Janat-Ul-Moala is a graveyard in Makkah.
➣ Qazaf: False accusation of adultery punishable with 80 Lashes.
➣ Lyla-Tul-Barrah: means the Night of Forgiveness.
➣ Karam-un-Katibin: means Illustrious writers.
➣ Oldest Masjid on earth is KAABATULLAH.
➣ 1st Kalima: Tayyab
➣ 2nd Kalima: Shahadat
➣ 3rd Kalima: Tamjeed
➣ 4th Kalima: Tauheed
➣ 5th Kalima: Astaghfar
➣ 6th Kalima: Rad-e-Kufar
➣ Qiblah means anything in front.
➣ Saabi is one who changes his religion.
➣ Sidrat-Ul-Mantaha means last tree of the Eternity.
➣ Jaabi is one who collects Zakat.
➣ First Collection of Ahadith is Sahifah-e-Saadiqa.
➣ In Iman-e-Mufassal essential beliefs are 7 in number.
➣ The most exalted Angels are 4.
➣ Greatest Angel as per Islam is Jibra’eel (A.S.)
➣ Each human being is attended permanently by two angles.
➣ Barzakh: Time period between death and Day of Judgement.
➣ Another name of surah All-Isra is Bani Israel.
➣ Hazrat Asad died first among the Sahabah.
➣ Hamza & Hussain are known as Leader of Martyrs.
➣ Hazrat Usman Bin Talha was the Key Holder of Kaaba.
➣ Hazrat Saad bin Ubi Waqas conquered Persia firstly.
➣ Qabeela bin Qais is known as cup bearer of Zam Zam.
➣ Abbas was instrumental in bringing abu Sufiyan in Islam
➣ Hazrat Abu Bakar (R.A) was the merchant of cloth.
➣ Real name of Hazrat Abu Bakar (R.A) was Abdullah.
➣ Apostasy movement took place in the khilafat of Abu Bakar(R.A)
➣ Hazrat Abu Bakar (R.A) died in 22nd of Jamadi-us-Sani 13 AH.
➣ Hazrat Umar (R.A) embraced Islam at the age of 33 or 27.
➣ Abu Lulu Feroz, the slave martyred on 1st Muharram 24 AH.
➣ Hazrat Umar Farooq (R.A) Introduced Hijra Calender.
➣ Hazrat Usman (R.A) is known as Zul Noorain. (Because he wedded with two daughters of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), Rukya (R.A) + Umme Qulsoom (R.A)

About Vitamins

************(#VITAMINS)***********
Natural Sources
Kelp, alfalfa, yogurt, safflower oil, fish liver oil, and leafy green vegetables.
• Deficiency of vitamin A causes dryness of skin and night blindness
• Skin food is Vitamin C
• Vitamin C is also called Ascorbic Acid it prevents scurvy
• Vitamin C is also necessary for utilization of iron
• The food which contains largest amount of Vitamin C is tomato
• Cod liver oil contains Vitamin D
• Collagen is the substance that gives elasticity to skin
• Vitamin E promotes oxygenation and acts as anti aging
• Carbon dioxide we release comes from food we eat
• Vitamin B2 has what other name Riboflavin
• Fats are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Vitamin E is called anti-aging agent
• Vitamin E helps in fertility process
• Vitamin B helps maintain normal appetite and good digestion
• Protein found in milk is Casein, in beans is Legumes, in meat is myosin and in eggs is
albumin
• Water soluble vitamin are B and C and all other are fat soluble
• Vitamin A is stored as Ester in liver
• Vitamin A is found in carotene bearing plants
• Vitamin K helps to form prothrobin (fibro gin) one of the enzymes helpful in bloodclotting
• Vitamin E is necessary for iron utilization; normal reproductive function. Vitamin E is
for reproduction.
• Vitamin A is found in Dairy products
• Deficiency of Vitamin A causes Night blindness.
• Too much presence of the Potassium salt in human blood increase the risk of heart
attack.
• The lack of calcium in the diet causes what condition-Rickets
• Celluloses are carbohydrates.
• Milk contains lactose.
• Vitamin C is a preventor of infectious disease
• Vitamin C is also called Skin food
• Vitamin C can easily be lost in cooking and food storage
• Vitamin D is essential for calcium metabolism.
• Vitamin C hastens healing of wounds
• Vitamin capable of formation of blood is B12
• Riches source of Vitamin D is code liver oil
• Riches source of Vitamin A is eggs
• Deficiency of Calcium leads to rickets
• Vitamin B1 is available is yeast.
• Scury, arising due to deficiency of vitamin C, it is related to Gastro-intestinal disorder.
• Sodium is necessary of nervous system.
• Vitamin D is essential for calcium metabolism.
• Cheese contains vitamin D.
• Vitamin C can not be stored in human body.
• Scurvy, arising due to deficiency of vitamin C, it is related to Gastro-intestinal disorder.
• Sodium is necessary of nervous system.
• Ground nut has maximum protein
• Digestion of fat in intestine is aided by Emulsification
• Hair, finger nails, hoofs, etc are all make of protein
• Deficiency of sodium and potassium causes muscular cramps, headache and diahrae
• Milk contains 80% water
• Milk is a complete food.
• Cheese contains vitamin D.
• Vitamin E is for reproduction.
• Deficiency of Thiamine causes Beri Beri.
• Glucose is the source of energy for human brain.
• Major component of honey is Glucose
• Three main food nutrients are carbohydrates, protein and fats. Other are vitamins and
minerals
• Meat is rich in iron we need to make blood cells
• Eating of coconut increases man’s mental faculties
• Food poisoning can result from the eating of too much toadstools.
• Vitamin c is also known as Ascorbic Acid.
• Celluloses are carbohydrates.
• Milk contains lactose• Ascorbic acid is essential for the formation of bones and teeth.
• Citric acid is a good substitution for ascorbic acid in our nutrition.
• A guava contains more vitamin C than an orange
• Vitamin not stored in human body.....C

Current Affair 23.3.2017

Current affair 23.3.2017
1. 77th national day celebrated with zeal and zeast. The day started with 31 gun salute in federal capital and 21 gun salute in provincial capitals
2. South African chief of national defence Solly Zacharia attended Pak day parade
3. 90 members of Chinese soldiers , Saudia troops and Turkish military band “mehtar” oldest army band in world performed in Pak day parade
4. Turkish military band “mehtar” was established in 1299.
5. Senate approves army amendment bill, army courts extension.
6. Ronnie Moran Liverpool coach and captain died at 83
7. Indian President Parnab Mukherjee greeted Pak day to Pak nation.
8. Name of PAF Risalpur has been changed after Asghar Khan.

Important General Knowledge

Land of Rising Sun Japan (Asia)
Land of Midnight Sun Norway (Europe)
Land of White Elephants Thailand (Asia)
Land of thousand Lakes Finland (Europe)
Land of Golden Fibre Bangladesh (Asia)
Land of Five Rivers Punjab (Pakistan, Asia)
Land of Many Races Colombia (South
America)
City of Dead Moenjodaro (Pakistan)
City of Palaces Calcutta (India, Asia)
City of Bazars Cairo (Egypt, Africa)
City of Roses and Nightingales Shiraz (Iran,
Asia)
City of Popes Rome (Italy, Europe)
City of lights Paris (France, Europe)
City of Eagles Sargodha (Pakistan, Asia)
City of Mosques Dhaka (Bangladesh, Asia)
City of Graveyards Multan (Pakistan, Asia)
City of Parks Kiev (Ukraine, Europe)
City of Canals Osaka (Japan, Asia)
City of Angels Bangkok (Thailand, Asia)
Dark ContinentAfrica
Father of Waters Mississipi River (USA)
Holy Land Palestine
Isle of Pearls Bahrain (Asia)
Isle of Death Kahoulawe (Hawai, USA)
Island Continent Australia
Key to Mediterranean Gibraltar (Europe)
Manchester of the Orient Osaka (Japan, Asia)
Manchester of Pakistan Faisalabad (Pakistan,
Asia)
Paradise on Earth Kashmir Valley (Asia)
Pearl of East Penang (China, Asia)
Queen of the South Sydney (Australia)
Gift of Nyle Egypt
Land of morning calm Korea
Land of Kangroos Australia
Land of perpetual greenness Denmark
Land of maple Canada
Land of contrasts Columbia
Land of Queen Sheba Ethiopia
Land of Silver fibre Pakistan
Land mighty rivers Nigeria
Land of golden place Australia
Land of million elephants Laos
Land of deserts Africa
Land of free people Thailand
Land of milk and honey Lebanon
Land of thunder holt Bhutan
Land of south slaves Yugoslavia
City of seven hills Rome (Italy)
City of space flights Cape kennedy (USA)
City of skyscrapers New York (USA)
City of colleges Lahore (Pakistan)
City of ghosts and temples Benaras (India)
City of water Stockhulm (Sweden)
Amsterdam
City of Romance Uenice (Italy)
City of Magnificent distances Washington
(USA)
City of stars The cosmonant space centre
(Moscow)
A city of solution Brasilia (Brazil)
Bengal’s sorrow Damodar River
Blue River The Yangstsekiang (China)
Blue Mountain The Nilgiri Hills (India)
Capital of cooperation Brussels (Belgium)
China’s sorrow Hwang-Ho-River
Cockpit of Europe Belgium
Emerald Island Ireland
Empire City New York (USA)
Farbidden city lhasa (Tibet)
Flower garden of Europe Netherland
Free and Hanseatic city Hamberg (Germany)
Gate way of tears Strait of belel mandab
(Jerusalem)
Gate way of India Bombay
Gate way of East Beirut (Lebanon)
Gate way of Pakistan Sindh (Karachi)
Gate way of Gulf Abu Dhabi
Garden of South India Tanjore (India)
Gibraltar of the West Quebec
Gibraltar of the Indian ocean Aden
Garanite City Abereen Scotland
George Cross IslandMalta
Homeland of Gaucbas Argentina
Hospital City Chicago (USA)
Human Equator of the Earth The Himalayas
Hermit Kingdom Korea
Isle of death Kahoulawe (Hawai USA)
Isle of June Bahaman
Land of Cakes Scotland
Meeting place of world Vienna (Austria)
Most serene republic San Marino
Never Never land Vast prairies of Northern
Australia
Pearls of East Penany (China)
Pearl of Antilles Cuba
Pearl of Srinea’s Southern Coast Yalta
(USSR)
Queen of Adriatic Venice (Italy)
River in the sea The gulf stream
Rome of India Delhi
Rose pink city Jaipur (India)
Star and key of Indian Ocean Mauritius
Sickman of Europe Turkey
Silver City Algier
Venice of the North Stockholm (Sweden)
Venice of the East Bangkok (Thailand)
White City Merida (Mexico)
Windy City Chicago (USA)
Whitman’s Grave Guinea coast of
Wilderness of Bamboo and Paper Tokyo
(Japan)
World’s loveliest Island Tristan de
Cunna (Mid Atlantic)

European UNION AND ITS MEMBER COUNTRIES

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km²(1,728,099 sq mi), and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market,enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade,agriculture,fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.

The EU operates through a hybrid system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making. The seven principal decision-making bodies—known as the institutions of the European Union—are the European Council, the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament, the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank, and the European Court of Auditors.

The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries in 1951 and 1958, respectively. The community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship. The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009.

Covering 7.3% of the world population, the EU in 2016 generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of 16.477 trillion US dollars, constituting approximately 22.2% of global nominal GDP and 16.9% when measured in terms of purchasing power parity.Additionally, 26 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, and the G20. Because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower.